Nutrition
When glucose is metabolized through cellular respiration, approximately how many ATP molecules are produced?
Around 38 ATP molecules.
What is the primary role of glucagon when blood glucose levels decrease?
To signal the liver to break down glycogen into glucose.
When sodium in the blood increases, what typically happens to water and blood pressure?
Water increases, and blood pressure increases.
The flap of cartilage that prevents food from entering the lungs is called what?
The epiglottis closure.
List two food sources of insoluble fiber.
Wheat bran, rye bran (or hemicellulose, broccoli, lignins, fruit and vegetable peels, chia, flaxseed)
What is the cause of Type 2 Diabetes?
Decreased sensitivity of cells to insulin (insulin resistance), meaning they don't take up glucose readily.
What are the three layers of muscle found in the stomach wall?
Longitudinal, Circular, Diagonal
What is the recommended daily water intake for men?
3.7 liters
What three substances does the large intestine primarily absorb?
Water, sodium, and potassium.
What is the primary function of the ileum?
Absorption continues, and leftovers go to the large intestine (specifically bile salts, Vitamin B12, sodium, and potassium)
What is the moist ball of food formed in the mouth called?
Bolus
Which of these best describes refined carbohydrates?
Carbohydrates separated from vitamins and many nutrients lost.
The primary risk factor for chronic diseases, as highlighted by dietary choices, is what?
Food
List two causes of constipation.
Stress, travel (or aging, drugs, nerve disorders, dietary intake)
What is considered normal blood pressure (systolic/diastolic)?
120/80 mmHg
What is the primary source of fuel for all body cells?
Glucose
What enzyme begins the breakdown of fat in the mouth?
Lingual lipase
List two types of food that are not mandatory to have a Nutrition Facts Table.
Fresh fruit and vegetables, Raw single-ingredient meats (or Seafood and fish, Alcoholic beverages, Very small packages, Foods in restaurants, Refillable glass dairy containers, Insignificant foods)
What are the three main parts of the small intestine in order?
Duodenum, Jejunum, Ileum
List two foods that can help feed the live bacteria in your colon.
Yogurt, Kefir (or Olives cured in brine, Kimchi, Sauerkraut)
The process by which water moves with absorbed nutrients from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration is called what?
Osmosis regulation.
How does exercise impact insulin sensitivity in individuals with diabetes?
It increases cells' sensitivity to insulin, allowing more glucose into cells.
Which of the following is a consequence of potassium electrolyte toxicity?
Irregular heartbeat and potential death.
Which of the following is a primary role of mucus in the GI tract?
To moisten, lubricate, and protect the tract.
A deficiency in Vitamin D and/or calcium can lead to this condition, especially in preterm babies, infants, and in developing nations.
Rickets ailment
What is the cause of Type 1 Diabetes?
An autoimmune disease where the body destroys its own insulin-secreting cells in the pancreas, leading to no insulin production.
What are the three macronutrients that provide energy?
Carbohydrates, Lipids (Fats), Proteins
What are the wave-like involuntary muscle contractions that help move food along the GI tract?
Peristalsis
What is the definition of Estimated Energy Requirements (EER)?
Kcalories needed to keep weight stable, based on scientific equations.
The set of standards used to plan foods, assess diet adequacy, and identify poor intakes is known as what?
Dietary Reference Intakes.
According to the % Daily Value on the Nutrition Facts Table, what does 15% DV or more typically indicate?
A high amount of that nutrient.
What does systolic blood pressure represent?
The maximum pressure when the heart contracts.
What are sodium, potassium, and chloride classified as in body fluids?
Electrolytes
What are two credible sources of information listed for nutrition?
Health Canada and University (or Canada Food Inspection Agency, Public Health Agency, Peer-Reviewed Journals)
The chemical and physiological processes involved in processing and delivering foods to cells in our body that affect our health each and every day describe what?
Nutrition
What is the long, straight chain of glucose molecules that forms one type of starch?
Amylose
What is an indigestible carbohydrate that serves as a food source for bacteria in the large intestine?
Prebiotic
What enzyme in the stomach begins the breakdown of protein?
Pepsin
Which of these describes how water helps regulate body temperature?
It helps regulate normal body temperature.
What do the microbiota in the large intestine primarily produce from unabsorbed food (fibre)?
Short Chain Fatty Acids (SCFAs), B vitamins, Vitamin K
To calculate the energy provided by 25 grams of carbohydrates, given that carbohydrates provide 4 kcal/gram, what is the correct result?
100 kcal of energy
What active transport system pumps sodium out of the cell and potassium into the cell?
Sodium-Potassium ATPase
What are the three main types of monosaccharides?
Glucose, Fructose, Galactose
Which of these is a common cause of diarrhea?
Food intolerance, bacteria, or viruses.
Which of these is an effective way to prevent dental caries, according to the notes?
Regular brushing and flossing of teeth.
What type of protein molecule speeds up chemical reactions and helps break down nutrients?
Enzyme
Which nutrients are absorbed in the duodenum, the first part of the small intestine?
Chloride, iron, calcium, glucose, and amino acids.
Canada defines hypertension as a blood pressure of what level?
At or above 130/80 mmHg.
Which of these is a characteristic of oligosaccharides?
They are short chains of 3-10 monosaccharides.
What is the force of blood pushing along your artery walls as your heart pumps?
Blood Pressure
What hormone signals the pancreas to secrete bicarbonate and digestive enzymes?
Secretin
List two types of foods that should be limited due to high sodium and salt content.
Canned, pre-packaged sauces (or Dips, gravies, condiments, dressings, canned soup)
What is the primary function of the gallbladder?
To store and concentrate bile.
What are the primary nutrients absorbed in the jejunum, the second part of the small intestine?
Water-soluble vitamins, magnesium, and fructose.
List two types of foods recommended in the DASH Diet to help reduce blood pressure.
Fruits and Vegetables, Whole grains (or Low-fat milk, Fish, Beans, Lean cuts of meat, poultry)
What is the amount of energy required to heat 1 kilogram of water by 1 degree Celsius?
1 kilocalorie (kcal)
Which of these foods is an example of resistant starch?
Cold potato.
Which of these is an early sign of dehydration?
Headache, fatigue, and dry mouth.
Salt is composed of what percentages of sodium and chloride by weight?
40% sodium and 60% chloride
What is the benefit of carbohydrate loading for athletes?
It can double muscle glycogen content, benefiting endurance athletes.
Based on the provided notes, how many Canadians eat whole grains?
Only 1 in 6 Canadians eats whole grains.
What triggers the feeling of thirst?
A decrease in the amount of H2O in the blood and/or a decrease in saliva secretion.
Which of the following items is NOT typically found on a Nutrition Facts Table?
The daily recommended exercise amount.
Is water considered a nutrient?
Yes
What is the adequate intake of sodium for adults aged 19-50?
1500 mg/day
What organ produces bile?
The liver
Which of the following is a disaccharide formed by two monosaccharides linked together?
A sucrose molecule.
How many kcal/gram does energy from carbohydrates provide?
4 kcal/gram
Which of the following is a benefit of consuming dietary fiber?
It increases stool weight and decreases transit time.
List two common symptoms of lactose intolerance.
Gas, bloating (or discomfort, diarrhea, nausea)
Does reducing salt intake reduce your blood pressure?
Yes, it lowers blood pressure.
What is the typical pH level of the stomach due to hydrochloric acid?
Around pH 2.0 (highly acidic).
What is the approximate time it takes for food to travel from the mouth to the anus?
From 24 to 72 hours.
What are the six parts of the large intestine (colon)?
Cecum, Ascending colon, Transverse colon, Descending colon, Sigmoid Colon, Rectum
Fibre found intact in plants, which cannot be digested by human enzymes, is known as what?
Dietary Fibre type.
What enzyme in saliva begins to break down starch?
Amylase
Which of the following conditions is associated with harmful bacteria taking over in the gut?
Irritable Bowel Disorder and Celiac Disease.
What is the semi-liquid food mixture that passes from the stomach to the small intestine?
Chyme
Where does the digestion process first begin?
The mouth cavity.
The distribution of fluid among body compartments primarily depends on which three substances?
Sodium, potassium, and chloride levels.
Which of the following is a symptom of water intoxication or overhydration?
Headache, nausea, and muscle twitching.
What hormone, secreted by the pancreas when blood glucose is increased, allows glucose to be taken into cells and promotes its storage as glycogen in the liver and muscle?
Insulin
What two hormones does the pancreas produce to help keep blood sugar content constant?
Insulin and glucagon
What percentage of our total body weight is water?
55-65%
List two ways water transports nutrients, hormones, and waste products in the body.
Blood moves oxygen and nutrients to cells; Blood removes CO2 and water products from cells (or Water helps hormones and other molecules get to cells; Water carries urea and ketones out of the body through urine)
Approximately how much of the body's water is found in intracellular fluid?
2/3rd
List two food sources of soluble fiber.
Oats, apples (or beans, seaweed, flaxseed, psyllium)
List two conditions that can lead to electrolyte losses.
Heavy and persistent sweating, chronic diarrhea (or vomiting, kidney disorders with excess urine loss, medication interference)
The Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range (AMDR) recommends that protein should provide what percentage of energy from a healthy diet?
10% to 35% of total energy.
Which of the following functions of nutrients is primarily focused on forming ligaments, tendons, and cell membranes?
Forming structures and shapes within the body.
Why should we care about food labels in Canada, according to the notes?
Many prepackaged/processed foods are high in Sodium, Sugar, and Saturated Fats (3S).
Besides reducing salt intake, what else can you do to lower your blood pressure?
Read nutrition facts, buy unprocessed foods, prepare meals from scratch.
Adding live bacteria to the gut, which live temporarily through the GI tract, describes what?
A probiotic introduction.
What is the primary action of the hormone Cholecystokinin (CCK) released from the small intestine?
It stimulates the pancreas and bile release.
The term '3S' refers to which three components of food often consumed by Canadians at high levels, leading to health risks?
Sodium, Sugars, and Saturated fat
What is the process of moving sugars, amino acids, and fatty acids from the intestine to the bloodstream?
Absorption
Which of these features increases the surface area of the small intestine for nutrient absorption?
Circular folds, villi, and microvilli.
What are the four types of Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs)?
Estimated Average Requirement (EAR), Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA), Adequate Intake (AI), Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL)
What is the process of breaking down food for the nutrients to be absorbed?
Digestion
Which of the following substances are primarily absorbed in the stomach?
Water, alcohol, aspirin, and acetaminophen.