Neuro - Repair and Regeneration 1

True or False: Cortical activity in a lesioned region declines with improved function

true

In a patient with a left hemisphere lesion at the motor cortex, what would you expect to occur when they raise their right hand?

both right and left hemispheres active

What does CTE stand for?

chronic traumatic encephalopathy

Which protein is a hallmark of CTE and other neurodegenerative diseases?

tau

tau protein

As compared to a regular brain, a CTE brain will be:

discoloured

shrunken

Axon death is also called _____

axotomy

Torn axons degenerate, releasing high levels of _____ that become toxic, causing the death of surrounding neurons

neurotransmitters

NTs

Axons are known to degenerate through a process known as ____ degeneration

Wallerian

When a lesion site is invaded by phagocytic cells, you would expect _____ (cell type) in the PNS, and ____ (cell type) in the CNS

macrophages; microglia

True or False: The process of phagocytic invasion and Wallerian degeneration is faster in the CNS than the PNS

false

In the ____ nervous system, Schwann cells release growth factors to promote regrowth of proximal end

peripheral

If the SARM1 gene was knocked out in mice, would you expect faster axonal degradation or resisted degradation following a lesion? Answer either "faster" or "resisted"

resisted

NMNAT2, closely related to the mutant Wlds protein, is normally present in the ____ of neurons, while NMNAT1 is found in the _____

axon; cell body

axons; cell body

axon; soma

axons; soma

NMNAT2 generates _____ and inhibits _____

NAD; SARM1

High levels of NAD result in (high/low) levels of ATP and (high/low) levels of Ca

high; low

If NMNAT2 is low, would you expect degradation of the axon? Yes or no

yes

True or False: Axons in the periphery regenerate better than those in the CNS

true

True or False: Schwann cells release adhesive molecules following PNS neuronal injury

true

Do glial scars inhibit or promote axonal regeneration?

inhibit

True or False: A theory as to why the CNS can not regenerate following axotomy states that we have sacrificed our limited regenerating capacity of the brain in order to ensure the amazing intellectual capacities of the brain

true

Rather than regenerating the axon following CNS injury, the proximal axon terminal forms a swollen end known as a ______

retraction bulb

The phagocytic cells of the CNS are ______

microglia

Following CNS axotomy, there will be local production of inhibitory factors by _____, ____, and microglia

oligodendroglia; astrocytes

astrocytes; oligodendroglia

Following local damage in brain tissue, would you expect astrocytes to increase or decrease in frequency?

increase

Which cell element provides the scaffold for a local glial scar?

astrocytes

astrocyte