physiology
what proteins are found in plasma membrane
integral and peripheral proteins
what are the 3 types of gated channels in integral proteins
chemical, mechanical, physical
what are the 4 steps in an action potential
1. resting
(activation: closed, inactivation: open, Na/K closed)
2. depolarization
(Na open, K closed, more Na than K)
3. repolarization
(activation: close, inactivation: open, Na close, K open)
4. hyperpolarization
(activation: open, inactivation: close, Na cloe, K open, efflux of K, most permable to K)
what are the 2 tunics in the testis
vaginalis and albuginea
the septa of the testis divides into ______ lobules
250-300 lobules
in what order does sperm pass through the testis
seminiferous tubules, tubulus rectus, rete testes, efferent tubule, epididymis
the site of sperm production is in the ______
seminiferous tubule
what type of cells secrete testosterone
Leydig cells
what are myoid cells responsible for
contraction of seminiferous tubules to transport spermatozoa and testicular fluid to rete testis
the correct order of the male duct system is:
epididymis (contracts during ejaculation)
ductus defrens
ejaculatory duct
urethra
these 3 regions belong to the ______
prostatic, membranous, and spongy
urethra
function of the anterior pituitary in the male reproductive system:
release GnRH
which stimulates LH and FSH
and then increase [testosterone]
these cells in the female reproductive system release androstenedione that converts testosterone to estrogen
Theca cells
what is the difference between FSH in male and female reproductive function
males: stimulates ABP which keeps test levels high
females: stimulates granulosa cells to secrete estrogen
this hormone triggers ovulation and formation of corpus luteum
luteinizing hormone
inner most layer of the uterus wall:
endometrium
in the female reproductive system, an egg with more than one layer is called the:
granulosa cell
in the female reproductive system, the ovaries are surround by what tunica
albuginea
what are the 2 parts of active transport
primary: stores energy to pump Na into cell
secondary: glucose piggy backs off Na to get into cell
the strength in an action potential :
stays the same over distance
steps in plasma membrane generating a RESTING potential
1. K+ out, inner cell -
2. Leakage channels lose [] gradient, more cells out, more -
3. K+ same in and out= equilibrium
what are the charges of resting membrane potential in and out of the cell
in: Na= 15, K=150
out: Na=150, K=5
what are the differences between an electrical and chemical synapse
electrical: gap junctions, are fast, nerve-nerve
chemical: have neurotransmitters, have 0.3-0.5ms delay, contains a cleft and jumps between pre and post neuron
what neurotransmitters can stimulate/inhibit other NT's, contain GABA, Glutamine, and Glycine?
Amino Acids
acetylcholine is the primary neurotransmitter in which nervous system
periphreal
what is the function of acetylcholine in the CNS
control emotional behaviour and internal clock within the hippocampus
what type of biogenic amine (neurotransmitter) contains dopamine, norepinephrine, and epinephrine
catecholamines
the indolamine biogenic amine contains what 2 neurotransmitters
serotonin and histamine
the neuroacticve steroid that influences GABA and treats epilepsy and depression is called
progesterone
the neuroactive steroid cortisol has what 2 types of stress
chronic and acute
what is multiple sclerosis
- when axons lose their myelin
- motor and cognitive function is affected
what nervous system disorder is the loss of cells that produce dopamine
parkinsons
in a sarcomere, what band stays the same
A band
how many myosin proteins are in each thick filament
300 million
______ filaments contain 2 actin-binding sites and 1 ATP binding site
thick
in a thin filament, G-actin arranged as a long chain is called:
f-actin
after every ___ G-actin in a thin filament ________ is present
7, troponin
what is the sarcoplasmic reticulum
a network of smooth endoplasmic reticulum that surrounds a myofibril
what is the function of the sarcoplasmic reticulum
- form perpendicular cross channels
- regulate Ca2+ levels within the cell
what are the 2 types of integral proteins
t-tubule proteins, sarcoplasmic reticulum foot proteins
what forms a triad
terminal cisternae and t- tubules
the _________ is where t-tubules penetrate muscle cells interiorly
A-I band junction
during a contraction of a filament, thin filaments move towards the:
m-line
what are the 3 requirements for skeletal muscle contraction
1. events at neuromuscular junction
2. excitation-contraction coupling
3. cross-bridge cycles
when does shortening of a muscle contraction occur
when tension of cross bridges of thin filaments exceed forces opposing shortening
in the neuromuscular junction of a skeletal muscle, Ca2+ causes vesicles to release ____ by exocytosis
acetylcholine (allows Na+ in and K+ out)
in the E-C coupling in a skeletal muscle, an action potential is propagated along the _______ and down the ________
sarcolemma, t-tubules
in E-C coupling, Ca2+ binds to _____ to begin contraction
troponin
the events of the cross bridge cycle occur when:
Ca2+ are at a higher concentration
what blocks the active sites on actin in a low concentration of Ca2+
tropomyosin
what are the 6 sequence of events in muscle relaxation
1. motor neuron stops firing, no more ACh is released into cleft
2. action potential stops along sarcolemma and t-tubule
3. voltage along sarcolemma and t-tubule return to rest
4. Ca2+ channels on sarcoplasmic reticulum close
5. [Ca2+] in sarcoplasm drop as Ca2+ pumps into SR by active transport
6. cross bridges can't form due to reduced [Ca2+]
what is an example of an exercise that shortens the muscle
bicep curl (stronger tension on the muscle)
what is an example of an exercise that lengthens the muscle
releasing the arm after a bicep curl (limits tension)
what happens to the muscle tension during an isometric contraction
muscle tension is constant and does not exceed load
what are the 2 types of isotonic contractions
concentric (muscle shortens, tension exceeds load)
eccentric (muscle lengthens, force of load>muscle tension
while holding your arm out for a long period of time, the muscle fibers are _______ to prevent fatigue
taking turns contracting (asynchronously)
in what period of a muscle twitch does the action potential need to be fully spread along the muscle fiber so Ca2+ can bind to troponin-tropomyosin complex
latent period delay
what 2 factors are responses graded by in a muscle contraction
frequency and strength of stimulus
in what type of tetanus does the muscle NOT get a chance to relax in between stimuli
fused/complete
in what type of tetanus allows for partial relaxation in between stimuli
unfused/incomplete
what 2 events happen during the contraction period of a muscle twitch
-tension increased
-cross-bridges form
during the response to change in stimulus strength, what is recruited after fatigue of a motor unit
another motor unit with larger fibers
true or false; all muscles have tone to keep muscles firm
true
what are the functions of intrafusal and extrafusal fibers
intra: control rest tone
extra: control overall contraction
within the treppe/staircase effect of a muscle response, what happens to Ca2+ ions?
-concentration is increased in sarcoplasm
-cannot be recaptured between stimuli in the sarcoplasmic reticulum
true or false; holding a plank, the abdominal muscles are relaxed
true
true or false; walking up a hill the calf muscles are shortened
false, lengthened
what is glycogenolysis
-when glucose is stored as long chains to make glycogen
- when glucose isn't being used, stored to use for later
what is glucogenesis
formation of glucose from preexisting basic molecules
muscle fatigue is the inability to contract and happens during:
imbalance of ions and overtraining muscles (effects SR and release of Ca2+)
true or false; all muscles in the body are effected by rigor mortis
true
______ will eventually break muscle tissue and allow for relaxation in rigor mortis
regression
muscle system disorders can be caused by:
-injury/overuse
-genetics
-infection/inflammation
-cancer
-drugs/medication
______ are long distance chemical signals that travel in blood or lymph
hormones
what is the only amino acid hormone that is NOT water soluble
thyroxine
what hormone targets adrenal glands
ACTH
what hormone targets every cell
growth hormone
all hormones released from the anterior pituitary activate second-messenger systems except for _______
growth hormone
what does the pineal gland release
melatonin (regulate sleep wake)
aldosterone, glucocorticoids, and gonadacorticoids are released from which gland?
adrenal gland
what is the main function of gonadocorticoid
control brain development and sex hormones pre puberty
what type of receptors are most abundant and are responsible for the hormonal effect
high-affinity receptors
what do low-affinity receptors do
-reduce target cell response to hormones
-responsible for dysregulation of hormones
true or false; hormones do not influence the numbers of receptors for other hormones
false, they do influence
what is the difference between receptor up and down regulations
receptor up: low hormone levels produce more receptors and increase sensitivity
receptor down: increased blood hormone levels decrease receptors and decrease sensitivity
the pancreas produces these 2 hormones
glucagon and insulin
_____ is associated with the HYPERglycemic effect while _____ is associated with the HYPOgylcemic effect
glucagon and insulin
what are the 2 mechanisms of hormone action
1. second messenger systems
2. direct gene activation
what are the 5 steps in direct gene activation
1. steroid hormone diffuses through membrane and binds to receptor
2. receptor-hormone complex enters nucleus
3. receptor-hormone binds to response element
4. binding initiates transcription to make mRNA
5. mRNA directs protein synthesis
what are the 3 types of endocrine gland stimulation
humoral, neural, hormonal
what type of endocrine gland stimulus stimulates adrenal medulla cells to secrete catecholamines
neural stimulus
the hormonal stimulus stimulates:
anterior pituitary to stimulate other glands to release hormones
what 2 steroids are found ONLY in the adrenal cortex
cortisol and aldosterone
(pathways of steroid synthesis) progesterone, testosterone, and estradiol are located in the:
brain and adrenal cortex after puberty
what is the NMDA receptor responsible for
-the Ca2+ channel
- myelinating axons
-forming neurons
what receptor is associated with the Cl- channel
GABA
what 4 things are insulin directly responsible for
1. cell growth
2. protein synthesis
3. glycogen synthesis
4. glucose transport
beta-endorphins are produced by the:
hypothalamus and pituitary
reduced GABA levels and enhanced dopamine levels reduce:
pain sensation
insulin inhibits:
glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis
true or false; insulin brings blood glucose levels down
true
decrease in blood glucose levels turns glycogen into ______
glucose
polyuria, polydipsia, and polyphagia are 3 cardinal signs of what
diabetes
the site where a neuron excites a skeletal muscle fiber is called a:
neuromuscular juunction
what type of synapse is an NMJ
chemical
during E-C coupling, what causes the skeletal muscle fiber to contract
an efflux of K+ ions
during cross-bridge cycling, what detaches the myosin head from actin
ATP
what is the last phase in the uterine/menstrual cycle
secretory phase (gland secretes glycogen and cervical mucus plug formed)
synthesis of progesterone receptors in the endometrium are increased during which phase of the uterine/menstrual cycle
proliferative phase (6-14 days)
Cuestionario |
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Duits allen woordenallerlei duits woorden |
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Science - Chemical BondingChemical bonding
Chemical Bonding. Atoms and molecules join together through ionic and covalent bonding. Related topics include electronegativity, oxidation numbers, and |
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anna |
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UE7- histoire illustrée de l'anatomie: une science et un art |
skeletal muscles are stimulated to contract by nerves and act as effectors |
Viollet le Duc |
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Unit 6 del 3 |
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SCIENCE QUIZ FEB 29 |
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p |
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Finska 50 ord 1 |
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Bio Diversity Quiz - copy |
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Sortir |
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Midterm Practice Day 1I am choosing 6 questions per chapter of the testbank. |
KINE1102- midterm lecture 7 |
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KINE1102- mideterm lecture 6 |
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no |
KINE1102 midterm lecture 2 |
Latin |
WHF 2 |
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p.s. je hoeft er niet bij te zetten of woorden mannelijk of vrouwelijk zijn als er les, of l' staat. :) |
KINE1102 midterm |
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