lesson 7
Consists of those parts outside the chest cavity
Upper respiratory tract
Consists of those parts within the chest cavity
Lower respiratory tract
Made of bone and cartilage covered with skin. Which hair inside of this block the entry of dust
Nose
Is ciliated epithelium with goblet cells; surface area is increased by the conchae
Nasal mucosa
Moisten the incoming air; does in microorganisms are dropped on mucus and swept by the cilia to the pharynx
Nasal mucosa
Lightens the skull and provide resonance for the voice
Paranasal sinuses
Posterior to the nasal and oral cavities
Pharynx
Above the level of the soft palate, which blocks it during swallowing; a passageway for air only.
Nasopharynx
Behind the mouth; a passageway for both air and food.
Oropharynx
A passageway for both air and food; opens anteriorly into the larynx and posteriorly into the esophagus
Laryngopharynx
The voice box and the airway between the pharynx and trachea
Larynx
Covers the larynx during swallowing
Epiglottis
Producing sounds that may turn into speech
Vocal cords
Extends from the larynx to the primary bronchi
Trachea
Extend to the trachea to the alveoli
Bronchial tree
On either side of the heart in the chest cavity; extend from the diaphragm below up to the level of the clavicles
Lungs
Where primary bronchus and pulmonary artery and veins enter
Hilus
Serous membranes of the thoracic cavity
Pleura membranes
Lines the chest wall
Parietal pleura
Covers the lungs
Viscelar pleura
The sides of gas exchange in the lungs
Alveoli
Is the movement of air into and out of lungs; inhalation and exhalation
Ventilation
Within the potential pleura space; always slightly below atmospheric level (negative)
Intrapleural pressure
Is within the bronchial tree and alveoli; fluctuates during breathing
Intrapulmonic pressure
The amount of air in one normal inhalation and exhalation
Tidal volume
The amount of air inhaled and exhaled in one minute
Minute respiratory volume
The amount of air beyond tidal and maximal inhalation
Inspiratory reserve
The amount of air beyond tidal in the most forceful exhalation
Expiratory reserve
The sum of tidal volume, inspiratory and expiratory reserves
Vital capacity
The amount of air that remains in the lungs after the most forceful exhalation, provides for continuous exchange of gases
Residual air
The maximum amount of air that can be exhaled in 1 2 or 3 seconds
Forced expiratory volume
Air that reaches the alveoli for gas exchange; depends on normal thoracic and lung compliance Air is still in the respiratory passages at the end of inhalation (is normal)
Anatomic dead space
The volume of non functional alveoli; decreases compliance and thus decreases gas exchange
Physiological dead space
Contains the inspiration center and expiration center
Medulla
The text stretching and send impulses to the medulla to depress the inspiration center.
Baroreceptors
Prevents over inflation of the lungs
Hering-breuer inflation reflex
Prolongs inhalation
Apneustic center
Helps bring about exhalation
Pneumotaxic
Influences changes in breathing in emotional situation
Hypothalamus
Permits voluntary changes in breathing
Cerebral cortex
A decrease in the rate or efficiency of respiration permits excess carbon dioxide to accumulate in the body fluids, resulting in the formation of excess H+ ions. Occurs in severe pulmonary disease
Respiratory acidosis
An increase in the rate of respiration increases the carbon dioxide exhaled, which decreases the formation of H+ ions and raises ph. Occurs during hyperventilation or when first at a high altitude.
Respiratory alkalosis