2.D
According to the notes, what makes psychological theories challenging to support with firm evidence?
It is impossible to test identical individuals with identical pasts.
According to Freud, what two primary factors resulted in the neuroses experienced by his patients?
Repressed sexual feelings and redirected guilt complexes.
What is the term for avoiding feelings of guilt by directing emotions to another target?
Displacement
In Freud's theory of primitive hordes, what action did the younger males eventually take against the dominant male figure?
They grouped together and eventually killed the dominant male.
Freud proposed that the Oedipus complex is not merely a personal trauma, but rather something that has impacted what?
All of society at a historical level, explaining universal religion.
According to Freud, what two conditions must be established for his theory on religion to be successful?
That the Oedipus complex is a universal sexual trauma and that buried trauma can cause religion.
According to many, what can be a positive aspect of 'illusion' as seen in art or religion?
It can foster imagination, creativity, and cultural good.
What specific aspect of Freud's view on illusion draws criticism?
His simple assumption that illusion is always negative.
What is a significant limitation of the studies of children's concepts of God in supporting illusory theory?
They fail to account for the maturing of religious beliefs.
Which of the following is a primary reason for the rejection of Freud's Primal Horde theory?
There is no evidence for primal patricide or inherited guilt.
What major implication arises from the criticism that the primal crime never occurred?
It significantly weakens the Oedipus Complex theory.
British anthropologist E.E. Evans Pritchard specifically expressed doubts about the historical occurrence of which event related to Freud's primal horde theory?
The consumption of the totem meal.
According to Freud, beyond its role in offering consolation and order, what was the primary negative function of religion?
A vehicle for social repression.
Which of the following mental health conditions did Freud diagnose as being caused by the Oedipus complex?
Schizophrenia
What type of evidence is noted as lacking to support Freud's theories regarding the primal horde and totemic sacrificial meal?
Anthropological evidence
According to Malinowski, what is the primary cause of the Oedipus Complex?
The strict rules of religion
The part of the mind that seeks immediate gratification and pleasure is known as which of the following?
The id
According to Freud, which layer of the mind works to mediate between primal urges and moralistic ideals?
The ego
In a Healthy Psyche, according to Freud's model, what is the primary function of the Ego?
To mediate between the Id and Superego and manage impulses.
How does the Superego primarily manifest in a Neurotic Psyche?
It becomes overly dominant, causing significant anxiety and guilt.
According to the provided notes, religion functions as wish fulfilment and what other psychological response?
A reaction against helplessness
Which philosopher famously proposed the concept of religion as primarily an illusion?
Ludwig Feuerbach
How is religion characterized when it is seen as a pervasive mental health condition affecting many people?
A collective neurosis
What did Freud initially assume about the nature of God's existence?
Nothing in reality corresponds to God's presence.
According to Freud, what is the primary purpose and origin of religious beliefs?
To satisfy basic longings, created in our unconscious mind.