MB (NBCD) BIOCHEM-CLINICAL DIETETICS
A chemical substance needed by the body which functions either to provide energy, to build and repair
tissues, or to regulate life processes.
nutrient
The sum of all the processes by which living organisms utilize food for energy, growth and development,
and maintenance.
nutrition
It refers to the act of taking food into the body and swallowing it.
ingestion
Breaking down food into small particles by biting and chewing with teeth and jaws.
mastication
The process by which digested food material passes through the epithelial cells of the GIT into the blood
or lymph
absorption
The form of energy used in most metabolic processes.
chemical energy
All are secretions of the endocrine glands which regulate metabolic rate except:
oxytocin
The major site of digestion of food and absorption of nutrients.
small intestines
This hormone is released by the pancreas to respond to a rise in blood glucose level after a meal.
insulin
All of these processes add to the level of glucose in the blood except:
glycogenesis
Glycogenesis is the:
formation of glycogen in liver and muscles
End product/s of the anaerobic phase of glucose metabolism:
pyruvate and lactic acid
An intermediate product of starch hydrolysis:
dextrin
These fatty acids are in animal foods as well as in palm and coconut oils.
saturated fatty acids
A precursor of thromboxanes which bring about thrombosis or clot formation.
arachidonic acid
Site of triglyceride synthesis in epithelial cells.
smooth endoplasmic reticulum
Before lipids are released into the lymph, they combine with:
proteins
This nitrogen-containing compound is made from lysine, that is needed to transport fatty acids across the
mitochondria for oxidation.
carnitine
This hormone facilitates the breakdown of glycogen to glucose.
epinephrine
A product of carbohydrate metabolism used for muscular contraction.
lactic acid
This process occurs during the fasting stage:
glycogen breakdown
These are synonymous to Krebs cycle except:
glycolysis
It is further digested before it can be absorbed in the blood.
sucrose
The amino acid precursor of tyrosine needed in the formation of thyroxine and epinephrine.
phenylalanine
This amino acid combines with many toxic substances, converting them to harmless forms which
are then excreted.
glycine
These amino acids are derived from the digestion of food proteins.
exogenous amino acids
The pathway followed by NH2 after oxidative deamination.
purine & uric acid synthesis
NPU is a measure of:
the percentage of nitrogen absorbed
Excess dietary protein is:
broken down for energy or used to synthesize glucose and fat
These are inactive precursors of enzymes:
zymogens
The amino acid lacking in a protein is called:
limiting amino acid
The adult requirement for water is:
1L /1000kcal
Organic, essential nutrients required in small amounts by the body:
vitamins
Fat-soluble vitamins which need protein carriers for their utilization:
vitamins E & K
The biologically active form of vitamin D is:
1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol
Vitamin B12
1. participates in the conversion of homocysteine to methionine.
2. contains cobalt.
3. when injected into patients with pernicious anemia, overcomes the lack of intrinsic factor.
4. can be obtained from beans and carrots.
if 1, 2, & 3 are correct
Vitamin E:
1. functions mainly as an antioxidant
2. deficiency is commonly found in adults.
3. requirements increase with the amount of polyunsaturated fatty acids in the diet.
4. is found in high concentrations in whole grains and cereals.
if 1 & 3 are correct