fill blanks -4
At ordinary room temperatures, the molecules of solids,
liquids and gases move continuously at very high ..…
speeds
Regardless of the attractive forces in liquids, molecules are very agitated and have a large amount of …. energy
kinetic
Diffusion refers to the process by which molecules intermingle
as a result of their ….. motion
random
Molecules tend to move spontaneously from an area of ….
concentration to an area of …. concentration
high; low
The basic equation for diffusion is …. law.
fick's
The change in concentration per unit distance is called
….
concentration gradient
Heating and mechanical …… will speed up the diffusion
process.
stirring
If the membrane allows some molecules to pass through but
blocks the passage of others, it is said to be …
semipermeable
The osmotic pressure of a solution can be defined as the …..
required to prevent osmotic diffusion of the solvent.
pressure
If two solutions, which are separated by a semipermeable
membrane, have the same solvent concentration, there will be no net molecular transfer across the membrane. The solutions are said to be …. or …
isosmotic; isotonic
The terms isotonic, hypotonic, and hypertonic are …. terms
and are used with respect to some reference solution or solvent.
relative
The process, involving the diffusion of several types of
molecules through a selectively permeable membrane, is
referred to as …
dialysis
The most common use of the term “dialysis“ is with reference to the ….. function.
kidney
The elimination of waste products from the blood takes place in small bodies called …. in the human kidney
nephrons
Often molecueles are transported across membranes against the concentraion gradient. Such transport requires external energy to be supplied to the molecules by the membrane. This process is referred to as …
active transport
The direction of water movement across the capillary wall at any point depends on the difference between two opposing pressures:
….. and …
osmotic pressure; hydrostatic pressure
The relatively high surface tension of water accounts for the ease with which it can be nebulized, or placed in an ….. form
aereosol
The cleaning properties of a liquid are strongly dependent upon …
surface tension
There is a significant correlation between the surface tension
of a liquid and its effectiveness as a(n) ….
antiseptic
If the membrane tension is …. more pressure in the alveoli
is required to keep the bubble radius the same
increased
A small radius of alveoli implies a … wall tension for a given pressure, so it takes a much greater pressure to create enough wall tension to stretch the membrane
smaller
If chronic obstructive pulmonary disease has caused destruction and enlargement of the lung alveoli, the force of exhalation may be greatly ….
reduce
Capillarity is the ability of a narrow tube to draw a liquid upwards against the force of …. . Such movement of fluids in small tubes is the result of attractive forces on the molecular level. Specifically, it is the result of adhesion and ….
gravity; cohesion
Diffusion is the direct consequence of the …. motion of
molecules.
random
Breathing is made possible by …. that cover the
alveolar water layer and greatly reduce its surface tension.
surfactant layer
Surfactant molecules are a complex mixture of lipids and proteins produced by special cells in the alveoli. They can reduce …. by as much as a factor of 70.
radius
The pressure exerted by fluids, such as blood and tissue fluid,
against the walls of the capillaries is called hydrostatic pressure. The source of the hydrostatic blood pressure is …. .
heart
Information about …. is collected and sent to the
brain by baroreceptors.
blood pressure
Filtration is the removal of large solutes through a porous membrane, driven by … pressure.
hydrostatic
The near-equilibrium between the capillary blood and the
interstitial fluid is called the …. equilibrium for capillary
exchange.
starling