lymphatic system and Immunity
returns tissue fluid to the blood to maintain blood volume and protect the body against pathogens and other foreign material.
Lymphatic System
the tissue fluid that enters lymph capillaries
Lymph
Where Dead-end lymph capillaries are found in most tissue spaces; collect tissue fluid and proteins
Lymph vessels
The structure of larger lymph vessels is like that of veins; valves prevent the backflow of lymph
Lymph vessels
Lymph from the lower body and upper left quadrant enters the _________ and is returned to the blood in the _________
thoracic duct and left subclavian vein
Lymph from the upper right quadrant enters the ___________ and is returned to the blood in the___________.
right lymphatic duct and right subclavian vein
encapsulated masses of lymphatic tissue
Lymph Nodes
are activated and fixed plasma cells produce antibodies to foreign antigens
lymphocytes
small unencapsulated masses of lymphatic tissue and destroy pathogens that penetrate the epithelium of the respiratory, digestive, urinary, or reproductive tracts.
Lymph Nodules
are those of the small intestine
Peyer's patches
located in the upper left abdominal quadrant behind the stomach produces RBCs.
Spleen
contains lymphocytes to be activated and fixed plasma cells that produce antibodies
fetal spleen
contains monocytes and fixed macrophages (RE cells) that phagocytize pathogens and old RBCs, bilirubin is formed and sent to the liver for excretion in bile stores platelets and destroys damaged platelets
fetal spleen
inferior to the thyroid gland, in the fetus and infant it is large; with age it shrinks
Thymus
Produces other cells and thymic hormones that enable T cells to become immunologically competent: able to recognize foreign antigens and provide immunity
Thymus
the ability to destroy foreign antigens and prevent future cases of certain infectious diseases.
Immunity
Chemical markers that identify cells
Antigens
living epidermal cells secrete defensins
Unbroken stratum corneum and sebum
macrophages, neutrophils, eosinophils, macrophages also activate the lymphocytes of adaptive immunity
Phagocytes
activate lymphocytes
Langerhans cells and other dendritic cells
destroy foreign cells by rupturing their cell membranes
Natural killer cells
produce histamine and leukotrienes
Basophils and mast cells
in the embryo are produced in the thymus and ROM, they require the hormones of the thymus for maturation; migrate to the spleen, lymph nodes, and nodules
T lymphocytes (T cells)
in the embryo are produced in the RBM, migrate to the spleen, lymph nodes, and nodules.
B lymphocytes (B cells)
strongly initiate one or both of the immune mechanisms. cell -mediated immunity and antibody-mediated immunity.
Helper T cells
(Cell-mediated immunity) recognize the foreign antigen, are antigen specific, and begin to divide to form different groups of T cells.
Helper T cells
(Cell-mediated immunity) will remember the specific foreign antigen.
Memory B cells
(Antibody-mediated immunity)will remember the specific foreign antigen.
Memory T cells
(Antibody-mediated immunity) chemically destroy foreign cells and produce cytokines to attract macrophages.
Cytotoxic (killer) T cells
Crosses the placenta to provide passive immunity for newborns
Blood
Provides long term immunity following recovery or a vaccine
Extracellular fluid
Present in breast milk to provide possible immunity to breastfed infants
External secretions
Produced by the maturing immune system of infants
Blood
Produce first during an infection
Blood
Receptors on b lymphocytes
B lymphocytes
Important in allergic reaction
Mast cells or basophils
Does not involved antibodies; is programmed in dna
Genetic
Antibodies from another source
Passive immunity
Placenta transmission of antibodies from mother to fetus
Natural immunity
Injection of preformed antibodies
Artificial immunity
Production of one's own antibodies
Active immunity
Recovery from a disease with production of antibodies and memory cells
Natural immunity
A vaccine stimulates production of antibodies and memory cells
Artificial immunity