vert zoo
whats the citculatory system
seties of pumps and tubes that transport fluids: transport blood (cardiovascukar syatem) and lymph (lymphatuc system)
what does the cardiovascukar system do?
transports/carries things to and from cells : water, ions, gasses, fuel, signaling molecules, waste
is blood a vertbrate synaptmorphy?
yes and invertbrates carry hemolymph
what does blood contain?
plasma (dissolved gasses and ions carefully regukated)
buffy coat (white blood cells - immune cells)
erythricytes (RBC - hematocrit and are nulated or unnuclated, contain hemogloben)
what does hemogloben determine? does everone have it?
ocygen carrying capacity - amount if 02 in your blood
some antartic fish dont have rbc and have very low metabolic rates can only use oxygen dissolved in their plasma
where is 02 loaded and unloaded & how (breif)?
o2 is loaded at respitory gas exchange organs (lungs/gills/skin) and unloaded at aerobic tissues (delivers 02 here)
-happens via diffusion high -> low concentration & works for small distances
- also bulk flow using pressure gradient - muscular pumps put pressure and it moves away from high pressure area
oxygen transport cascade & how are gasses transported in cardiovascukar sysyem?
ventlation -> circulation -> mitochondrial response to make ATP
red blood cells transport everything
components if vessels for closed circukatory system
trunica extrema (outside) -have smoothe muscke cells to cintract and squeez vessel
trunica media (middle) -have smoothe miscle cells to squeeze for vasoconstriction (open) and vasosialate (close)
truncia intima (inside)
endothelial cells - on bottem to keep blood cibtained
what are capilleries? big to small path?
-site of gas & nutrient exchange
-orgnized into networks called beds and feed each tissue
-blood flow through beds is tightly regulated
- structure of them differs depending on who it supplies so how many of them and how permable they are varies
-aerobic cells are near capilleries to be close for diffusion
(arterys -> arteriols -> capillires) (highways -> gate -> back road to house)
what do veins in musckes do?
have one way valves that prevent backflow into capalleries when muscles contract
what are types of capalleries with differing permibity based on tissue type?
continous capilleries - least permable closky controledv (skin, lung, muscke, etc. most organs have)
fenestrated capilleries - intermeduate - pores allow easy transfer of water and small solultes (kidneys, gut, endocrine organs)
discontinous - highly permiable cell sized thing can move through here (liver, spleen, bone marrow)
who has more capilleries
aerobic cells because need more O2
what do one way valves do?
work with pumps in the blood vessels they control direction of fluid movement
if we squeez then it flows in both directions but gate helps it only go in one direction
what do cardiomyocytes do? specifuc type example?
striated muscke cells of the heart
connected via interclated disks
they can pass electral signals (action potentials) quick between cells
pacemaker cells - generate action potentials and contract as a group/ in sync to make the heart beat
who controls the heartbeat not innitates it?
except for hagfish, vertbrate hearts are innervated by beurins that control speed of heartbeat
how are cardiomyocytes connected/types
intercalacated disks
gap junctions -synapses between cells
desmosomes -tight connections of cytoskeleten
zdisks- anchor myofrys of neibouring cells
parts of the vertbrate heart
paricardium - fluid filled sac surrounds heart
epicardium - outer connective tissue of heart
myocardium - heart muscle (cardiomyocytes) either spongy with lots of gaps between muscles or compact
endocardium - inner lining where bloodcsits and tun of grooves
what was the ancestral chordaye heart like? who has it?
big tube that contracts no valves - agnatha have this with 3 sections
sinus venosous (blood enters heart)
atrium
ventricle (blood leaves to go to ventral aorta)
what do modern agbatha heart like?
they have extra excessory hearts to help bidy circukate blood - head heart, body (branchial and main heart), tail heart
whats the modern agnatha branchial heart homologus to?
our heart / hearts of other vertbrates
what did the ancestral gnathostome heart look like? who had it?
4 sections
- sinous venousis
- atrium
- ventricke
- outflow track (has ventral aorta that may contract)
we all start with this heart as babys
whats the "fish" heart look like? who has it? how does it contract/process?
all gnathostomes except sarcopterigans (so condricthans, actnogreigii)
stays simple as gnathostomes but folds into an s-shape
all chambers contract at same time it starts at sinus venosus then atrium then ventricke tgen outflowtrack to ventral aorta - series or contractions moves blood through tube
outflow track is either conus arteriousus (contractile) or bulbus arteriosus (elastuc which stores energy from contractions)
some species out flow tract contracts and some teleost fish it disent
what pushes blood in the fish heart and process
one heartbeat pushes the blood through the enrire sinhle circit
-sinous venousus
-atrium
-ventricle
-deoxignated blood leaves the heart
-travels through ventral aorta
-then pared afferent branchial arteries
-then goes to the gills - in gill lamealle and -goes to capillary beds where oxignated
-then efferent branchial arteries
-then drains into dorsal aorta (some send bloodnto brain firstvtyen here)
-then other organs via branching arteries
-veins return deoxignated blood tonthe heart
-anterior cardinal ceins drain blood from head
-posterior cardinal veins drain blood from trunk
-then form a common cardinal vein
-dump blood in sinous venousis
gas exchange happens in the gills so no o2 in the heart
what are the aortic arches and where do they come from?
they come from pharyngeal arches
each pharyengial arch has aortic arches (bloid vessels) connecting the ventral snd dorsal aorta togther
aortic arches become the afferent and efferent arches duribg development
what do the 6 ancestrial aortic arches develope into chondrithans, osteichtheyes, and actinopterygians?
chondrithans - first one developes into the spiricle & 2 to 6 develope into five pairs of afferent and efferent branchiak arteries
osteichtheyes - 1 and 2 are lost during development
actinopterygians - two to 6 develope into 4 pairs of afferent and efferent branchial arteries
what are mamilian rbcs missing (dont have unlije tge others)?
no nucleus and no mitichondria
what are the two problems with cingle circuts?
heart not getting enough oxygen
pressure
what do animals regulate the content of? how?
they achieve water and ion balence by regulating rate of fluid transport across epitheial cells which line osmoregulatory organs
main organ that does this is kidney which fingers blood to make urine and rid what we dont need
it regukates urine volume and
urine salt ion content and nitrognous waste priducts
what are kidney firm and function driven by
enviormental history and enviourment
what are kidneys made of and whats tgeir structure
nephrons
renal calsule - filters out everything
has glomerulus capilleries in it that are highly permiable so most fluids leak out
renal tubule- where stuff gets selectivly reabsorbed for what you want to keep
collecting duct - collects up waste urine
what was the ancestrial vertbrate kidney like
archinephros - 2sets of kidney tubes along body
glomerula branched blood vessels
collected into common archnephric duct
leave via closca
whats the tripsrtite kidney develobenebt model?
all vertbrate kidneys develope from one part of the 3 sections of archneohric kidney
they start by developing the first then if they go the second part tye first part dissintgrates
whats the pronephric kidney? who has it?
closest to the head
all vert begin with this
found in adult cyclosomes and teleost fish and lung fish
adult - does not make urine, makes hormones
larvev - only kidney
what kidney developes caudel to the pronephros?
mesonephric kidney - trunk kidney
(now pronephros is not kidney function so does hormones)
adults its called ospithonephros because they keep this kidney
more complex:
has more neohrons
drains out archnephric duct (so does testies in dudes)
have renal capsule
longer tubes
what developes after mesonephric kidney leaves? who has it?
metanephric kidney
amniotes have it
has ureters
more free floating
archnephric duct kept in men for sperm
more nephrons and long tubes
types of nephrons?
dont have tube and connect to archnephric duct (like a bulb ish)
has proximal short tube dosent make much urine
have proximan and dustal tube and intermediate tube (3parts) more control over whats reabsorbed from urine
loup of henle can reabsorb and excrete stuff, makes urine more concentrated than blood - lets kidney have medula and cortex part
what is most vertbrates plasma osmolarity? exceptions?
200-400 mOsM reflects history of brakish water
hagfish (curly worm pink)
elasmobranchs (shark)
celocanths (lazeras taxa)
have plasma osmolarity similkar to sea water hag and elas have no history in brakash water
whats osmotic pressure? how is it measured? what is it deoendent on?
amount of pressure exerted by solutes to stop water moving by osmosis
anything dusolved in water exertes this pressure
measured indirectly by amount of dissolved stuff (solutes) in water
deoends on temp
so hypo(stuff surrounding is less), hyper(more stuff outside mem) and iso