GENETICS
It is an alternative from of genes.
Alleles
It refers to the branch f biology that uses living organisms to manufacture products or technology for the improbment of quality of human life
Biotechnology
It is half set of a chromosomes
Chromatid
It is a relaxed state of chromosomes with protein Histones
Chromatine
It is a strand of DNA and protein inside the cell nucleus
Chromosomes
It is a cross involving two traits
Dihybrid
It is known as the controlling allele. Express in a Capital letter (AA)
Dominant
It is the basic unit of heridity. It carries instructions responsible for expression of traits
Gene
It is a branch of Biology that deals with heridity
Genetics
It is the genetic make-up of an organism
Genotype
He experimented with sweet pea plants n the 1800s leading to the formulation of hereditary concepts
Gregor Mendel
Two allele of a pair are different
Heterozygous
It happens in Meiosis 1. A complete set of chromosomes is doubled
Homologous chromosomes
two allele of a pair are identical
homozygous
It is a chart of metaphase chromosome pairs to study chromosome number and diseases
Karyotype
It is th physical location of gene on the chromosome
Locus
It is a cross involving one trait
Monohybrid
It is a graphic organizer to map genetic traits between generations
Pedigree
It is the physica appearance of an organisms
Phenotype
blending of several separate genes that vary along a continuum
Polygenic inheretance
it is a graphic organizer to show the probable result of a genetic cross
Punnet square
It is known as a hidden allele
Recessive
It is known as chromosome 23.
Sex chromosomes
traits carried on the X chromosomes
Sex linked genes
It contains a whole set of chromosomes
sister chromatids
characteristics an individual receives from parents
Trait
This law states that the dominant allele will prevent the recessive allele from being expressed in men.
The law of Segregation
Different pairs of genes separate independently of each other when gametes are formed
The law of Independent assortment
Gee pairs separate when gametes are formed
The law of dominance
Two allele produce an offspring carrying
Incomplete dominance
Two allele are both expressed. Neither of the two allele was masked
Codominance
A gene is controlled by multiple alleles
Multiple alleles
One gene affects multiple characteristics
Pleiotropy
It is a change in genetic code. Can be passed from one cell to new cells.
Mutation
change in a single gene
Gene mutation
During replication, one base is inserted erroneously, replacing the pair in that location on the complementary strand.
Substitution
In replacing DNA, one or more extra nucleotides are added frequently causing frameshift
Insertion
One or more nucleotides is skipped during replication or otherwise excised, often resulting to a frameshift.
Deletion
Change in many genes
Chromosome mutation
A chromomes one section is turned around and reinserted
Inversion
When a chromosome segment is lost, all the genes in that segment are also gone
Deletion
repeating a section of a chromosomes increases the dosage of the gees in that section
Ducplication
a section of one chromosome is abnormally joined to another
translocation
nucleotides change leads to amino acid changes
Missense
change leads to stop codon
nonsense
changes RNA splicing
Splice site
It is a genetic disorder that causes your blood to cloth less
Hemophilia
It is a inherited disorder that can lead to excessive production of amino acid
Phenylketonuria
It is also known as trisomy 21
Down Syndrome
It is a disease caused by inheriting 2 faulty hemoglobin genes known as hemoglobin S. Shortage of RBC
Sickle cell anemia
trisomy 18
Edward's syndrome
trisomy 13
vPatau Sndrome
It is a genetic disorder where a male has an extra copy of X chromosomes in chromosome 23 XXY
Klinefelter syndrome
It only affects females. On chromosome 23 of female, one X chromosomes is missing or partially missing; XO
Turner syndrome
It is the process of using DNA (rDNA) technology to alter the genetic make up of an organisms. sometimes called biotechnology
Genetic engineering
It is applied to fix damaged or defective tissue
stem cell
It is intended to inject genetic material into cells in order to replace dysfunctional genes, fix mutations, or produce a useful protein
Gene theraphy
test tube babies
In vitro fertilization
duplicate DNA or any necessary biological material without requiring a person to surrender the priceless biological being for the benefit of another person
Cloning
It is a technique that uses to treat, prevent, prevail or cure a disease or medical disorder
Gene theraphy
received th Nobel prize for correctly describing the structure of DNA as double helix
Watson and Crick
A double helix-like twisted ladder; 4 possible nitrogenouus bases.
DNA
DNA to RNa
transcription
mRNA to protein
translation
Important tools for scientist working with DNA, used to cut specific recognition sequence r sites
Restriction Enzyme
Separate large molecule of DNA on the basis of their rate of movement through an agarouse gem in an electric field
Gel Electrophoresis
It is a process where DNA can be rapidly copied or exemplified
Polymerase Chain Reaction