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What are the basic cellular functions? (select all that apply)

Growth

Reproduction

Metabolism

Forms protective barriers in tissues and can specialize to absorb or secrete compounds

Epithelial cells

Forms glands and secretes substances (e.g. mucous, hormones, enzymes)

Secretory cells

Stores fat as triglycerides

Adipose cells

Formed in bone marrow and delivers oxygen throughout the body. Limited lifespans. No nuclei or mitochondria.

Red blood cells

Forms the bones of the skeletal system that strengthen and support the body. Includes osteoclasts cells that degrade and create bone.

Bone cells

Creates extracellular material that holds cells together in tissue. Can specialize to absorb or resist external forces.

Connective tissue cells

Conducts electrical signals and controls muscle contraction and the five senses.

Nerve cells

Controls movement of the skeleton, heart, and other organs. Includes specialized proteins that allows them to generate motion.

Muscle cells

What are cell junctions?

Types of membrane proteins that facilitate cell-to-cell attachments

Which specialized proteins do epithelial and endothelial cells need?

Junction complexes

What are the cells that line the insides of blood vessels?

Endothelial cells

What are the cells that line the cavities and surfaces of organs?

Epithelial cells

What do epithelial cells rest on?

Basement membrane

What is the basement membrane?

An extracellular matrix that separates epithelial cells from connective tissue

Can phospholipids move across tight junctions?

No

Tight junctions separate the plasma membrane into which two domains?

Apical and basal

Is the apical surface the top or bottom of the cell?

Top

Which of these regulates paracellular transport?

Tight junctions

What is paracellular transport?

The transport of material between cells

Adherens junctions use receptor proteins called what?

Cadherins

What do cadherins do?

Bind to cadherins on neighbouring cells

Where are adherens junctions found? (select all that apply)

Neural synapses

Cardiac muscle cells

What do hemidesmosomes consist of?

Half a desmosome complex

What is the function of desmosomes?

Structural integrity

What do hemidesmosomes do?

Attach to the basement membrane of epithelial cells to attach them to the extracellular matrix

Which are the proteins of the junctional complex?

Tight junctions, adherens junctions, desmosomes

Gap junctions are built of two halves that connect to cross what?

The intercellular gap

Why are gap junctions imortant in cardiac muscle contractions?

Without them, heart muscle cells would not be able to contract at the same time

Which cell junction attaches to the basement membrane?

Epithelial cells

Which protein allows the transfer of ions and small molecules between cells?

Gap junctions

Which protein in the junctional complex links cells tightly via cadherins?

Adherens junctions

Which protein in the junctional complex snaps cells together that are under high amounts of physical stress?

Desmosomes

What is the extracellular matrix (ECM)?

A network of molecules that fills the spaces between cells

What kind of sheet does the basement membrane consist of?

Collagen sheet

Which proteins are involved in the ECM? (select all that apply)

Collagen

Elastin

Fibronectin

Laminins

Proteoglycans

What does the triple helix in collagen do?

Forms fibrils

What do fibrils form?

Collagen fibers

What is fibronectin?

Glycoproteins that connect cells collagen matrices for cell adhesion

Fibronectins are expressed as dimers and bind to...?

Integrins

When fibronectin interacts with the cytoskeleton and its dimers straighten, what happens?

Fibrils appear at the cell surface

What is the function of elastin?

Tissue elasticity

What type of regions allows elastin to be returned to original shape after being stretched?

Hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions

What is the function of laminins? (select all that apply)

Provides an adhesive substrate for cells

Strengthens the ECM

Which ECM protein forms a web-like network that has much strength in many directions?

Laminins

What are proteoglycans?

Hydrated gel resistant to compressive forces

What do proteoglycans consist of?

A protein polypeptide core attached to sugar residues

Which bodily structure is proteoglycan important for?

Cartilage in joints

Where are specialized epithelial tissues found? (select all that apply)

Skin

Glands

Digestive tract

Where do endocrine glands release their secretions?

The bloodstream

Why don't endocrine glands have ducts?

Because their cells release secretions directly into the bloodstream

How do exocrine glands release their secretions?

Through ducts

What are the functions of the epithelial cells that line the GI tract? (select all that apply)

Form digestive glands

Coordinate transportation

Produce and excrete proteins

Why do glycosylated proteins form a mucus layer?

To protect epithelial cells from themselves and the acidic environment

When the contents of a vesicle are released from a cell into extracellular space as the vesicle fuses with the plasma membrane.

Exocytosis

Are the epithelial tissues that form digestive glands exocrine or endocrine?

Exocrine

What do the epithelial tissues that form digestive glands do?

Produce and release enzyme proteins and hydrochloric acid to break down food

Nerve tissues are composed of nerve cells as well as...?

Glial cells and schwann cells

How do nerve cells use ion concentrations in electrical signalling

Differences in concentration create electrical potential for cellular communication

What are the 3 types of muscle?

Skeletal, smooth, and cardiac

Which type of muscle lines the digestive tract and large blood vessels?

Smooth

Which type of muscle lines areas of the body that require contractile movement?

Smooth

The ECM in the lungs are rich in which kind of connective tissue?

Elastin

What is an organ?

A structure of two or more tissue types

What is the inside of the stomach lined with?

Epithelial tissues

What lines the outside of the stomach under the epithelial tissue?

Muscle tissue

Why does the smooth muscle in the stomach contract?

To mix the stomach contents and push it into the intestine

What does nervous tissue in the stomach do?

Controls muscle contractions and gland secretions

Name all the tissues that compose the stomach. (hint: the 4 main tissue types)

epithelial, muscle, connective, nervous

How many body systems are in the human body?

11

What composes the cardiovascular system?

Heart, blood vessels, blood

What do blood vessels do?

Transports the blood

What does the blood do?

Carries nutrients to the cells and removes their wastes

What is homeostasis?

The ability of a cell/organism to regulate and maintain its internal environment

What does the homeostatic control system do?

Maintains set points in the body

What are the 3 parts of the homeostatic control system?

The sensor, the integrator, the effector

Which part of the homeostatic control system detects an environmental variable?

The sensor

Which part of the homeostatic control system compares a variable's value to its set point?

The integrator

Which part of the homeostatic control system initiates change to restore the set point?

The effector

Shivering is an example of homeostatic control. Why do we shiver when cold?

To contract the muscles to release heat

What is the body's set temperature?

37°C

What is the range of the body's temperature?

36-38°C

When a temperature different from the set point is perceived in the thermoregulation centre, what do the effectors do? (select all that apply)

Causes blood vessels in the skin to constrict to minimize heat loss

Contracts skeletal muscles for shivering to produce heat

What is an intrinsically controlled system?

When the sensor, integrator, and effector of a system are all located in the tissue

What is an extrinsically controlled system?

When the regulatory mechanisms are outside of the tissue or organ

What is an example of an intrinsically controlled system?

Skeletal muscle during exercise

Are most of the body's systems intrinsically or extrinsically controlled?

Extrinsically

What is homeostatic feedback?

When an effector causes a change that is sensed by a sensor

What is negative feedback?

A change in the environmental parameter that causes the effector to intiate a response in the opposite direction

What is positive feedback?

When the effector causes changes that amplify the intial signal

True or False: Positive feedback is homeostatic

False

What is an example of positive feedback in the human body? (select all that apply)

Breastfeeding

Childbirth contractions

Blood clotting

In temperature regulation, if positive feedback did occur would it increase or decrease body temperature?

Decrease

Is blood clotting positive or negative feedback, and is it intrinsically or extrinsically controlled?

Positive feedback, intrinsically controlled

In childbirth, pressure from the fetus on the cervix sends signals to the brain that releases hormones, causes contractions, and puts more pressure on the cervix. What type of feedback is this and is it intrinsic or extrinsic?

Positive feedback, extrinsically controlled