Rhythms in the ____ drive rhythms in the cerebral cortex

thalamus

(high/low) activity of certain neurotransmitters keep us awake, while (high/low) activity of them puts us to sleep

high; low

Hypocretin, aka Orexin, is located in the ______ (2 words)

lateral hypothalamus

Acetylcholine levels during REM sleep are ____ (high or low)

high

True or False: Thalamocortical neurons depolarize when NT's are active, causing an increase in excitability and an "awake" state

true

Circuits regulating the sleep/wake transitions are better known as _____ circuits

flip flop

flip-flop

flip/flop

True or False: Mutual or reciprocal inhibition establishes an awake or sleeping period

true

True or False: When activate, inhibitory neurons will suppress the activation of arousal neurons, leading to sleep

true

Which neurons stabalize the sleep/waking flip flop circuit in the waking state?

orexon

orexon neurons

orexin

orexinergic

orexonergic

_____ of orexinergic neurons will hold the flip flop circuit in the ___ state in order to release ____ levels of ACh, NE, and Histamine

activation; on; high

Which sleep condition is defined by a selective loss of orexin neurons and therefore the inability to stabalize the flip flop circuit?

narcolepsy

Patients with narcolepsy enter ____ sleep quickly, as compared to normal people who enter _____ sleep after sleep onset

REM; nREM

Does REM sleep show a synchronous or desynchronous EEG reading?

desynchronous

The amygdala has the ability to flip the REM flip flop into an ____ (on or off) state

on

Which area of the brain contains REM "on" neurons, which fire at high rates only during REM sleep?

sublaterodorsal nucleus

SLD

Which area of the brain contains REM "off" neurons, which suppress REM sleep?

ventrolateral periaqueductal gray

vlPAG

ventrolateral periaqueductal grey

Loss of muscle tone, characteristic of REM sleep, is seen during the sleep ____ circuit

atonia

The characteristic loss of muscle tone seen in narcolepsy is called _____

cataplexy

The REM sleep atonia circuit, which drives changes in muscle tone, is found in the ______

brainstem

Neurons in the ______ (abbreviation) stimulate GABAenergic neurons to antagonize lower motor neurons, as seen in cataplexy

SLD

Which disorder is characterized by a lack of inhibition of lower motor neurons during REM sleep?

REM sleep behaviour disorder

True or False: You would expect the limbic system to be less active during REM sleep than nREM sleep

false

True or False: The primary visual cortex functions at the same activity level when awake and also when in REM sleep

true

Which of the following describe REM dreams?

vivid

emotional

memorable

During which stage of sleep does sleep walking originate in?

Stage 3

Which area is the main controller of sleep and is connected to waking regions (brainstem, forebrain) via GABAergic inhibitory neurons?

ventrolateral preoptic nucleus

VLPO